What are five examples of configuration weaknesses?
(1) Unsecured user accounts (2) System accounts with easil6y guessed passwords (3) Misconfigured internet services (4) Unsecured default settings within products (5) Misconfigured network equipment
What are three examples of Technological Weaknesses?
What are three examples of Technological Weaknesses?
(1) TCP/IP Protocol Weaknesses (2) Operating System Weaknesses (3) Network equipment weaknesses
What are the 3 factors of network security?
What are the 3 factors of network security?
(1) Vulnerability (2) Threats (3) Attack
What are the three primary vulnerabilities?
What are the three primary vulnerabilities?
(1) Technological weaknesses (2) configuration Weaknesses (3) Security Policy Weaknesses
What three goals must a security policy meet?
What three goals must a security policy meet?
(1) Informs users, staff, and managers of their requirements for protecting information assets (2) Specifies the mechanisms through which these requirements can be met (3) Provides a baseline from which to acquire, configure and audit computer systems for compliance
What is an extreme alternative for managing security?
What is an extreme alternative for managing security?
Answer: completely closed a network from the outside world
What are the two important needs that need to be balanced in a network?
What are the two important needs that need to be balanced in a network?
(1) Keep networks open to support business requirements (2) Protect private, personal, and business information
Examples of commonly reported acts of computer crime.
Examples of commonly reported acts of computer crime.
(1) Insider abuse of network access (2) Virus (3) Mobile device theft (4) Phishing where an organization is fraudulently represented as the sender (5) Denial of service (6) Unauthorized access to information (7) Bots within the organization (8) Theft of customer or employee data
What is the seven-step process to gain information and state an attack?
What is the seven-step process to gain information and state an attack?
(1) Perform footprint analysis (2) Enumerate Information (3) Manipulate Users to gain access (4) Escalate Privileges (5) Gather additional passwords and secrets (6) Install backdoors (7) Leverage the compromised systems
Uses e-mail or other means to trick others into providing information, such as credit card numbers.
Uses e-mail or other means to trick others into providing information, such as credit card numbers.
Answer: Phisher
An individual who sends large quantities of unsolicited e-mail messages.
An individual who sends large quantities of unsolicited e-mail messages.
Answer: Spammer
Individual who manipulates phone network, through a payphone, to make free long distance calls.
Individual who manipulates phone network, through a payphone, to make free long distance calls.
Answer: Phreaker
Someone who tries to gain unauthorized access to network resources with malicious intent.
Someone who tries to gain unauthorized access to network resources with malicious intent.
Answer: Cracker
An individual that attempts to gain unauthorized access to network with malicious intent
An individual that attempts to gain unauthorized access to network with malicious intent
Answer: Hacker
An individuals who use their knowledge to break into systems that they are not authorized to use
An individuals who use their knowledge to break into systems that they are not authorized to use
Answer: Black Hat
An individual who looks for vulnerabilities in systems and reports these so that they can be fixed
An individual who looks for vulnerabilities in systems and reports these so that they can be fixed
Answer: White Hat
What are the possible consequences if a network is compromised?
What are the possible consequences if a network is compromised?
Answer: (1) Loss of Privacy (2) Theft of information (3) Legal Liability
What are two examples of when you would use static address mapping?
What are two examples of when you would use static address mapping?
Answer: (1) Router on the other side of Frame Relay doesn't support dynamic inverse ARP (2) Hub-and-Spoke network topologies
Supplying a manual static mapping for the next hop protocol address to a local DLCI.
Supplying a manual static mapping for the next hop protocol address to a local DLCI.
Answer: Static Address Mapping
What relies on Inverse ARP to resolve a next hop network protocol address to a local DLCI value.
What relies on Inverse ARP to resolve a next hop network protocol address to a local DLCI value.
Answer: Dynamic Address Mapping
Explain the problem with NBMA networks in routing and explain how this problem can be fixed
Explain the problem with NBMA networks in routing and explain how this problem can be fixed
Answer: Because NBMA does not support broadcast traffic, using the broadcast keyword allows broadcasts and multicasts over the PVC so that other nodes get routing updates
Explain the problem with frame relay and routing loops
Explain the problem with frame relay and routing loops
Answer: In Hub-in-Spoke Frame Relay topologies, split horizon can cause reachability issues because split horizon prevent routing loops by preventing a routing update received on one interface to be forwarded out the same interface
What device in frame relay is the DTE
What device in frame relay is the DTE
Answer: Gateway
Negotiated tariff metric in Frame Relay internetworks. The maximum amount of data (in bits) that a Frame Relay internetwork is committed to accept the transmit at the CIR
Negotiated tariff metric in Frame Relay internetworks. The maximum amount of data (in bits) that a Frame Relay internetwork is committed to accept the transmit at the CIR
Answer: BC (committed burst)
Negotiated rate above the CIR which the customer can use to transmit for short bursts
Negotiated rate above the CIR which the customer can use to transmit for short bursts
Answer: CBIR (Committed Burst Information Rate)
Negotiated tariff metric in Frame Relay internetworks. The number of bits that a Frame Relay internetwork will attempt to transmit after BC is accommodated. This data is, in general, delivered with a lower probability than BC data because this data can be marked as DE by the network
Negotiated tariff metric in Frame Relay internetworks. The number of bits that a Frame Relay internetwork will attempt to transmit after BC is accommodated. This data is, in general, delivered with a lower probability than BC data because this data can be marked as DE by the network
Answer: BE (Excess Burst)
The capacity through the local loop guaranteed by the provider
The capacity through the local loop guaranteed by the provider
Answer: CIR
If the network is congested, tagged traffic can be dropped to ensure delivery of higher-priority traffic. This tagged traffic is known as this.
If the network is congested, tagged traffic can be dropped to ensure delivery of higher-priority traffic. This tagged traffic is known as this.
Answer: DE (Discard Eligible)
Bit set by a Frame Relay network in frames traveling in the opposite direction of frames encountering a congested path. DTE receiving frames with this bit set can request that higher-level protocols take flow control action as appropriate
Bit set by a Frame Relay network in frames traveling in the opposite direction of frames encountering a congested path. DTE receiving frames with this bit set can request that higher-level protocols take flow control action as appropriate
Answer: BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification)
Bit set by a Frame Relay network to inform DTE receiving the frame that congestion was experienced in the path from the source to destination. DTE receiving frames with this bit set can request that higher-level protocols take flow-control action as appropriate
Bit set by a Frame Relay network to inform DTE receiving the frame that congestion was experienced in the path from the source to destination. DTE receiving frames with this bit set can request that higher-level protocols take flow-control action as appropriate
Answer: FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification)
According to the status numbers in debug frame-relay lmi, what does 0x4 mean?
According to the status numbers in debug frame-relay lmi, what does 0x4 mean?
Answer: Does not have DLCI programmed, but it was operational in the past
According to the status numbers in debug frame-relay lmi, what does 0x2 mean?
According to the status numbers in debug frame-relay lmi, what does 0x2 mean?
Answer: Frame Relay Switch has DLCI programmed and everything is operational
According to the status numbers in debug frame-relay lmi, what does 0x0 mean?
According to the status numbers in debug frame-relay lmi, what does 0x0 mean?
Answer: Frame Relay Switch has DLCI programmed, but t is not usable
What does deleted mean in the LMI type 1 message
What does deleted mean in the LMI type 1 message
Answer: DTE is configured for a DLCI switch but the DLCI switch does not recognize it as valid
What does active mean in the LMI type 1 message
What does active mean in the LMI type 1 message
Answer: Everything is working properly
What does Inactive mean in the LMI type 1 message
What does Inactive mean in the LMI type 1 message
Answer: DTE device is not detected
What are the three statuses
What are the three statuses
Answer: (1) Active (2) Inactive (3) Deleted
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what type 1 message include?
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what type 1 message include?
Answer: LMI Exchange Messages
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what type 0 Full status message include?
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what type 0 Full status message include?
Answer: includes information about every DLCI on the frame relay switch
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what does the "in" represent
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what does the "in" represent
Answer: LMI status msg sent by FR Switch
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what does the "out" represent
Under debug frame-relay lmi, what does the "out" represent
Answer: LMI status msg sent by router
What command is useful when changes have been made by the service provider in frame relay?
What command is useful when changes have been made by the service provider in frame relay?
Answer: clear frame-relay inarp
What command clears the counters of the packets you have been receiving
What command clears the counters of the packets you have been receiving
Answer: clear counters
What two things in frame relay are used for flow control
What two things in frame relay are used for flow control
Answer: (1)FECN (2) BECN
What are useful commands for verifying frame relay configuration
What are useful commands for verifying frame relay configuration
(1) show interface serial 0/0/0 (2) show frame-relay lmi (3) show frame-relay pvc (number) (3) show frame-relay map (4) debug-frame relay lmi
What are the five steps for configuring Frame Relay Subinterfaces?
What are the five steps for configuring Frame Relay Subinterfaces?
(1) Remove any Network layer address assigned to the physical interface. If the physical interface has an address, frames are not received by the local subinterfaces. (2) Configure Frame Relay encapsulation on the physical interface using the encapsulation frame-relay command. (3) For each of the defined PVCs, create a logical subinterface. To make troubleshooting easier, it is suggested that the subinterface number matches the DLCI number. (4) Configure an IP address for the interface and set the bandwidth. (5) Configure the local DLCI on the subinterface using the frame-relay interface-dlci command
What is meant by frames being forwarded but marked DE?
What is meant by frames being forwarded but marked DE?
Answer: They are Discard Eligible
What is the capacity through the local loop guaranteed by the provider
What is the capacity through the local loop guaranteed by the provider
Answer: Committed Information Rate (CIR)
What is the capacity of the local loop
What is the capacity of the local loop
Answer: access rate (port speed)
What are 2 characteristics of Point-to-Point sub interfaces in hub and spoke technologies
What are 2 characteristics of Point-to-Point sub interfaces in hub and spoke technologies
Answer: (1) Sub interfaces act as leased lines (2) Each point-to-point sub interface requires its own subnet
What command defines the network layer address of the destination router interface
What command defines the network layer address of the destination router interface
Answer: protocol address
What is the function of turning on broadcast in frame relay?
What is the function of turning on broadcast in frame relay?
Answer: Since Frame Relay doesn't forward broadcasts by default, this function sends broadcasts made by routing protocols
What command defines the supported protocol, bridging, or logical link control: appletalk, decent, disw, ip, ipx, etc
What command defines the supported protocol, bridging, or logical link control: appletalk, decent, disw, ip, ipx, etc
Answer: protocol
What are the 5 optional steps you can use to configure Frame Relay?
What are the 5 optional steps you can use to configure Frame Relay?
(1) Configure the LMI (2) Configure Frame Relay SVCs (3) Configure Frame Relay Traffic Shaping (4) Customize frame relay for your network (5) Monitor and Maintain Frame Relay Connections
What are the two required steps to configure Frame Relay
What are the two required steps to configure Frame Relay
(1) Enable Frame Relay encapsulation on an interface (2) Configure dynamic or static address mapping
What are the three stages of Inverse ARP and LMI Operations?
What are the three stages of Inverse ARP and LMI Operations?
(1) DTE sends Status Enquiry Message to DCE (2) DCE responds with Status Message- includes configured DLCIs (3) DTE learns what VCs it has
What Provides for an XON/XOFF flow control mechanism that applies to the entire Frame Relay interface.
What Provides for an XON/XOFF flow control mechanism that applies to the entire Frame Relay interface.
Answer: Simple Flow Control
What Gives connection identifiers global rather than local significance, allowing them to be used to identify a specific interface to the Frame Relay network.
What Gives connection identifiers global rather than local significance, allowing them to be used to identify a specific interface to the Frame Relay network.
Answer: Global Addressing
What allows a sender to transmit a single frame that is delivered to multiple recipients
What allows a sender to transmit a single frame that is delivered to multiple recipients
Answer: Multicasting
What provides information about PVC integrity by communicating and synchronizing between devices?
What provides information about PVC integrity by communicating and synchronizing between devices?
Answer: VC status messages
What must you also configure if you manually set the LMI extension?
What must you also configure if you manually set the LMI extension?
Answer: the keepalive feature
If you manually set the LMI-extension, what happens to the Auto-Detect feature?
If you manually set the LMI-extension, what happens to the Auto-Detect feature?
Answer: auto-detection is turned off
What command would you use to set the cisco LMI extension?
What command would you use to set the cisco LMI extension?
Answer: frame-relay lmi-type cisco
Which LMI extension corresponds to ITU standards?
Which LMI extension corresponds to ITU standards?
Answer: q933a
What LMI extension corresponds to ANSI standards?
What LMI extension corresponds to ANSI standards?
Answer: ANSI
What is the original LMI extension?
What is the original LMI extension?
Answer: CISCO
What are the three most common types of LMIs that you can set up?
What are the three most common types of LMIs that you can set up?
Answer: (1) CISCO (2) ANSI (3) q933a
What command would you use to change the interval of LMI
What command would you use to change the interval of LMI
Answer: (inter config) keepalive (seconds)
What is the command to find out information about LMI?
What is the command to find out information about LMI?
Answer: show frame-relay lmi
What is the default LMI timer for Frame Relay
What is the default LMI timer for Frame Relay
Answer: Every Ten Seconds
What is a keepalive mechanism that provides status information about Frame Relay connections between the router (DTE) and the Frame Relay Switch (DCE)
What is a keepalive mechanism that provides status information about Frame Relay connections between the router (DTE) and the Frame Relay Switch (DCE)
Answer: Local Management Interface (LMI)
What encapsulation type in frame relay would you use from a cisco device to a non-cisco device?
What encapsulation type in frame relay would you use from a cisco device to a non-cisco device?
Answer: ietf
What did the Americans acquire with the Treaty of Paris?
What did the Americans acquire with the Treaty of Paris?
Answer: All land east of the Mississippi
Where did the final phase take place?
Where did the final phase take place?
Answer: Southern Colonies
Where did the second phase mostly take place?
Where did the second phase mostly take place?
Answer: Mid-Atlantic Colonies
When was most of the fighting in New England?
When was most of the fighting in New England?
Answer: 1775-1776
Abigail Adams wrote a note to John Adams asking for what?
Abigail Adams wrote a note to John Adams asking for what?
Answer: Women's Rights
When was the Slave Petition given to the General Assembly in Connecticut?
When was the Slave Petition given to the General Assembly in Connecticut?
Answer: 1779
What was the Proclamation Rebellion and when was it sent?
What was the Proclamation Rebellion and when was it sent?
Answer: The reply to the king; August 1775
When were the first elections for the President and House of Representatives?
When were the first elections for the President and House of Representatives?
Answer: December 15, 1788- January 10, 1789
When was the ratification of the Constitution official?
When was the ratification of the Constitution official?
Answer: 1788
When did the ratification on the Constitution start?
When did the ratification on the Constitution start?
Answer: 1787
By how many states did the constitution need to be ratified by?
By how many states did the constitution need to be ratified by?
Answer: 9 out of 13
When was the Articles of Confederation ratified?
When was the Articles of Confederation ratified?
Answer: 1781
When was the Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress?
When was the Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress?
Answer: 1777
What document was the government set up under?
What document was the government set up under?
Answer: Articles of Confederation
When was "The American Crisis" published?
When was "The American Crisis" published?
Answer: December 1776
What was the name of Thomas Paine's second pamphlet?
What was the name of Thomas Paine's second pamphlet?
Answer: The American Crisis
Who did Washington immediately make general?
Who did Washington immediately make general?
Answer: Lafayette
When did Washington resign from Commander in Chief?
When did Washington resign from Commander in Chief?
Answer: December 23, 1783
When was the Declaration of Independence signed?
When was the Declaration of Independence signed?
Answer: July 4, 1776
When did they vote for Independence?
When did they vote for Independence?
Answer: July 2, 1776
When was George Washington named Commander in Chief?
When was George Washington named Commander in Chief?
Answer: May 10, 1775
What did "Common Sense" argue against?
What did "Common Sense" argue against?
Answer: Monarch and King George III
When was "Common Sense" published?
When was "Common Sense" published?
Answer: January 15, 1776
Who wrote "Common Sense"?
Who wrote "Common Sense"?
Answer: Thomas Paine
Who gave the "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech to the House of Burgesses?
Who gave the "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech to the House of Burgesses?
Answer: Patrick Henry
What was the Olive Branch Petition?
What was the Olive Branch Petition?
Answer: Negotiation to stop the rebellion
What did the Prohibitory Act do?
What did the Prohibitory Act do?
Answer: Blockade American ports and allowed the British to save American ships
How much of the British Army was killed during the Battle of Bunker Hill?
How much of the British Army was killed during the Battle of Bunker Hill?
Answer: Over 40%
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